THE ANCIENT EGYPT

The earliest signs of a process leading to sedentary culture can be seen in the Levant to as early as 12,000 BC, when human population became sedentary; it evolved into an agricultural society by 10,000 BC. The importance of Water to safeguard an abundant and stable food supply provided an initial economy that triggered the creation of permanent Villages.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient NorthEastern Africa, concentrated along the Lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile soil produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture.
The rise of Dynastic Egypt (known as KHEMET) in the Nile Valley occurred with the Unification of Upper and lower Egypt in approximately 3,200 BC, and ended at around 525 BC.
From around 7000 to 3000 BC the climate of the Sahara was much moister, offering good grazing land even in areas that are now very arid. By 6000 BC predynastic Egyptians in the SouthWestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle. Natural Climate change after 3000 BC led to progressive arid-fication of the Region. As a result of these changes, around 2500 BC early tribes from the Sahara were forced to concentrate along the Nile River. Domesticated animals had already been imported from Asia between 7500 and 4000 BC and evidence of Pastoralism and cultivation of cereals in the East Sahara is  found in the 7th millennium BC.
The 1st cities to house several tens of thousands were Memphis and Uruk, by the 31st century BC.
Memphis was the ancient capital during the Old Kingdom, founded by the Pharaoh Menes, and remained as an important city throughout ancient Mediterranean history. Its ancient name was Inbu- Hedj meaning "the White Walls." It occupied a strategic position at the mouth of the Nile Delta. The city was under the protection of the god Ptah, the patron of craftsmen. Its great temple, Hut-ka-Ptah, meaning "Enclosure of the Ka of Ptha," was one of the most prominent structures. The history of Memphis is closely linked to that of the country itself. Because of its size, the city has had several names during its history of almost 4 millennia. Diplomatic records found on different sites have detailed the correspondence between the City and the various contemporary Empires in the mediterranean, Near East, and Africa. This include the Amarna Letters, which detail Trade conducted between Memphis and the sovereigns of Babylon and the various city-states of Lebanon. Its eventual downfall was due to the loss of its economic significance, following the rise of coastal Alexandria. Its religious significance also diminished after the abandonment of ancient religion.  Its ruins are located 20 km South of Giza.
The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the use of Mortar by 4000 BC, Quarrying, Surveying and Construction Techniques that supported the building of monumental tallest ancient pyramids , temples, and obelisks; a System of Mathematics, a practical and effective System of Medicine (early forms of surgery and barge transport), Irrigation Systems and Agricultural Production Techniques, the first known Planked Boats, Surface Vitrification using sintered-quartz ceramic creating a bright lustre of various colors (Egyptian Faience as early as 3500 BC), and Glass Technology. Also knew forms of Literature, and the earliest known Peace Treaty, made with the Hittites.
With resources to spare, the administration sponsored Mineral Exploitation of the Valley and surrounding Desert Regions, the early development of an independent Writing System, the organization of Collective Construction and Agricultural Projects, Trade with the surrounding Regions, and a Military intended to defeat Foreign Enemies and assert Egyptian Dominance. Motivating and Organizing these activities was a Bureaucracy of Elite Scribes, Religious Leaders, and Administrators under the Control of a Pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian People in the Context of an Elaborated System of Religious Beliefs.
The Egyptian Religion was a Complex System of Polytheistic Beliefs and Rituals. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with many deities who were present in, and in control of, the forces and elements of Nature. The practice was centered on the Pharaoh, the King, who was the possessor of the power by virtue of his position. He acted as the intermediary between his people and the power and was obligated to sustain the entities from which the power came from, through Rituals and Offerings so that they could maintain "Order" in the universe. The State dedicated enormous resources to Egyptian Rituals and to the construction of the Temples. They believed in the Afterlife and Funerary Practices. They made great efforts to ensure the Survival of their Souls after death, providing Tombs, Grave Goods, and Offerings to preserve the Bodies and Spirits of the deceased. The details of the beliefs changed over time as the importance of particular powers through specific entities rose and declined, and their intricate relationship shifted. At various times, certain Entities became preeminent over the others, including the Sun god Ra, the Creator god Amun, qand the Mother goddess Isis. For a brief period, in the theology promulgated by the Pharaoh Akhenaten, a single God, the Aten, replaced the pantheon.
Their Religion and Mythology left behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on Ancient and Modern Cultures.
Egypt reached the pinnacle of his power during the New Kingdom, in the Ramesside period where it rivaled the Hittite Empire, Assyrian Empire, and Mitanni Empire, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was invaded or conquered by a succession of foreign powers, such as the Canaanites/Hyksos, Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, Babylonians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians in the 3rd Intermediate Period and the Late Period of Egypt.
In the aftermath of Alexander the Great's death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter, established himself as the new ruler of Egypt. This Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman Province.